Embryology Practice Exam

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• The fourth pharyngeal arch will become the:
• Which trophoblast derivative forms the outer layer of the early placental villi?
• Somites originate from the paraxial mesoderm and primarily give rise to which of the following structures?
• Implantation typically occurs how many days after fertilization?
• How did Hedgehog proteins get their name?
• The syndrome involving 22q11 deletion and associated with cleft palate and heart defects is commonly called Velocardiofacial Syndrome.
• Embryonic stem cells are derived from which part of the early embryo?
• Beginning at the occipital region, the somitomeres develop into ___ from the paraxial mesoderm.
• Which term describes the Greek root meaning 'monster' used to denote birth defects?
• The somitomeres and somites originate from which portion of the primitive streak?
• The first pharyngeal pouch will become the:
• Which of the following is the Transforming Growth Factor-β superfamily?
• Regional specialization of somites is controlled by which genes?
• Paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented into somites; which part of the somite forms the vertebral column?
• The bilaminar disc forms at
• Which signaling type occurs when a cell's own secreted messengers bind to receptors on that same cell?
• MECP2 gene is located on which chromosome?
• Which pouch gives rise to parafollicular cells of the thyroid?
• This stage of human development occurs when the egg and sperm fuse.
• A hemivertebra is a vertebra that is incompletely formed on one side.
• Epiblast cells moving through the node and streak are predetermined by their position to become specific types of mesoderm and endoderm. Cells at the more caudal end (but not at the caudal-most end) will form the:
• Which of the following is responsible for forming the primitive streak by inhibiting the formation of E-cadherins and allowing for the migration of cells?
• This stage occurs when the single-celled zygote divides into multiple cells, forming a hollow ball of cells.
• From the dermomyotome, which tissues are derived?
• Which structure prevents desiccation of the embryo and acts as a protective cushion that absorbs shock?
• Which two mesodermal layers surround the intraembryonic coelom?
• The pharyngeal arches are precursors to parts of the:
• Cells migrating through the primitive streak contribute to which germ layers?
• Formation of fused vertebrae is often accompanied by fused ribs, resulting in:
• The third pharyngeal arch will become the:
• Which of the following GDFs is involved with development of the urogenital system and limb patterning?
• Which layer of the bilaminar disc gives rise to the embryo proper?
• The signaling process occurs when proteins produced by one cell travel short distances.
• There are five pharyngeal arches, numbered 1-5. true or false?
• In which ossification process do bone originate directly from mesenchyme?
• The 16‑cell stage, before formation of the blastocyst, is referred to as the ___.
• A defect in closure of the cranial neuropore results in ___, which is incompatible with life.
• A patient with shortened arms; he was born in the 1960s in England. Which teratogen must his mother have ingested to result in his congenital birth defect?
• Which gene mutation is not associated with hand-foot-genital syndrome?
• The extracellular domain of a receptor involved in a signaling pathway is primarily responsible for what function?
• Which pouch gives rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus?
• The fourth pharyngeal pouch will become the:
• The second pharyngeal pouch will become the:
• This GDF is a huge superfamily responsible for extracellular matrix formation and epithelial branching that occurs in lung, kidney, and salivary gland development.
• From the somite, which structure is a direct derivative?
• A stalk that will become the umbilical cord forms along with the formation of which structure?
• Paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented into ___.
• There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to bone growth?
• Compact bone acts as a ___ while cancellous bone acts as ___.
• Which of the following is an inhibitor of BMP signaling?
• During gastrulation, epiblast cells migrate to form mesoderm; the remaining epiblast becomes ectoderm, while hypoblast becomes endoderm.
• Which form of spina bifida is the most severe?
• Which of the following is NOT a major family of Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs)?
• Sensory placodes form at week 4. These will eventually differentiate to become:
• All of these genes establish the cranial end of the embryo before gastrulation EXCEPT:
• This happens when mechanical forces mold the fetus for a prolonged period.
• Which structure is NOT derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
• The statement 'The bones of the face develop by intramembranous ossification while the base of the skull develops by endochondral ossification' is:
• Which signaling mechanism involves signaling that acts on the same cell that produced it?
• At the end of week 3, a cavity forms around the cranial end of the embryo that will give rise to the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. Which primitive coelomic cavity forms these spaces?
• Which bone tissue forms the dense outer layer of bone?
• Most birth defects result from a combination of:
• The sclerotome acts as a precursor for all of the following EXCEPT:
• During which stage will we see major internal organs and external features begin to emerge?
• The lateral plate mesoderm will go on to form which structure?
• During which week do limb buds begin to form?
• When bone develops in a cartilage model, what kind of bone formation is it called?
• Paracrine signaling exerts its effect by which mechanism?
• All of the following are major families of Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) EXCEPT which one?
• Induction of head formation is produced by a major signaling center called the:
• The extraembryonic mesoderm formed by cells at the caudal-most end contributes to which structure?
• The bilaminar embryonic disc consists of epiblast and which other layer?
• Which germ layer forms the epidermis and nervous system?
• During secondary neurulation, which structures must fuse to form the continuous neural canal?
• Which pouch gives rise to the superior parathyroid gland?
• During which stage does implantation into the uterine wall occur?
• Which region is formed by secondary neurulation?
• The skin and nervous system arise from the:
• We will not find mesoderm formation at the:
• During embryonic folding, the opening to the yolk sac becomes narrowed to form the ___.
• While most of the cells of the sclerotomes form the vertebrae, the some cells that remain where the sclerotomes split will form the ___ of the intervertebral disc.
• ___ growth comes from the inside while ___ growth is on the outside.
• The inner cell mass is also known as the:
• The chorion consists of the:
• Multiple malformations from a single cause are referred to as a ___.
• Which of the three mammalian Hedgehog genes is associated with gonadal development?
• The notochord degenerates except at the area of the split, where it will persist as the ___ of the intervertebral disc in the fetus and infant.
• When you take a pregnancy test you are usually looking for Beta-HCG. What aspect of the developing human gives off this hormone?
• A defect in closure of the caudal neuropore results in ___.
• Which option lists the pharyngeal arches in the correct order according to the provided material?
• The sixth pharyngeal arch will become the:
• The term hatching refers to which event?
• Which example illustrates secretion of non-hormonal products by a gland, such as the testes producing sperm?
• Transforming Growth Factor-β is part of which growth and differentiation factor family?
• This disorder is associated with mutation of the X chromosome gene that codes for the transcription factor MECP2 and results in motor degeneration and early death. It affects females almost exclusively.
• Which of the following GDFs is involved with lengthening of bones at growth plates, angiogenesis, axon growth, and mesoderm differentiation?
• Which cell type is the mature cartilage cell that maintains the matrix?
• The third pharyngeal pouch will become the:
• Which molecules are known inhibitors of BMP signaling?
• Splanchnic mesoderm lines the ___ while somatic mesoderm lines the ___.
• Epiblast cells moving through the node and streak are predetermined by their position to become specific types of mesoderm and endoderm. Cells at the most cranial aspect of the streak will form the:
• Which gene is responsible for formation of the midline of the forebrain and development of cerebral hemispheres?
• The process of transforming from a bilaminar disc to a trilaminar disc is known as:
• At which stage do major organ systems begin to form?
• Which chest deformity leaves the heart less protected due to sternum indentation?
• Which signaling occurs between two cells where a ligand on one cell binds to a receptor on the other, with no diffusible proteins involved?
• Besides growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), which other mechanism is important for paracrine signaling?
• Secondary neurulation contributes to the formation of the neural tube in which region?
• During blastocyst development, which cell mass gives rise to the embryo proper?
• Epiblast cells moving through the node and streak are predetermined by their position to become specific types of mesoderm and endoderm. Cells just below the cranial aspect of the streak will form the:
• Bone forms in mesenchyme is a manner similar to the formation of cartilage. This process is known as:
• Formation of the chorion is associated with which mesoderm?
• The epithelial lining and associated glands of the gut, lungs, and urogenital tract are formed from the:
• What cell is cartilage made from?
• The term 'terato' (Greek for 'monster') describes what characteristic of a newborn child?
• This area of study looks at birth abnormalities from a clinical perspective of signs, signals and syndromes.
• The cloacal membrane will divide into all of the following EXCEPT:
• The ___ induces differentiation of ectodermal cells above it and mesodermal cells on either side.
• One side of a vertebra does not form leading to scoliosis. This is known as:
• The sternum forms from:
• The yolk sac is largely nonfunctional in humans, but it acts as the site of which process?
• The primitive streak forms within the ___.
• The formation of the primitive streak occurs at:
• Cytotrophoblasts form villi by penetrating through the centers of:
• This is a collection of glands that produce hormones which are secreted into the body to regulate normal function.
• Teratogens damage the blastocyst and implantation phases.
• This disorder is associated with up to 4,000 tandem repeats of a trinucleotide sequence on the X chromosome and results in varying degrees of mental retardation.
• The prechordal plate will become the mouth.
• Which signaling mechanism involves direct contact between neighboring cells?
• What is the process called that establishes the utero-placental circulation?
• Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelium of the gut, liver, and lungs?
• The second pharyngeal arch will become the:
• Primary neurulation mostly applies to the ___ while secondary neurulation mostly applies to the ___.
• Which arch forms the larynx?
• Which description best defines the blastocyst?
• Rett syndrome primarily affects which gender?
• The notochord persists as which structure within the intervertebral disc in the fetus?
• Impingement on nerves in the cervical area can lead to:
• The exocoelomic membrane lines the inside of the cytotrophoblast; this membrane is also known as Heuser's membrane.
• Risk of the lungs and heart being unprotected would apply to a patient with:
• There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which relates to morphology formation and midline structure?
• During early embryogenesis, the hypoblast contributes to which extraembryonic structure?
• The first pharyngeal arch will become the jaw.
• As the zygote divides, we begin with 2 cells, then 4, and so on. Each of these cells is referred to as a ___.
• Hedgehog signaling has what effect on a signal transduction pathway?
• Which origin is the sternum derived from?
• Which membrane lines the amnion?
• From somites, the dermomyotome differentiates into which tissues?
• The most common defect in secondary neurulation is:
• During formation of the bilaminar disc, which structures are formed by the epiblast and by the hypoblast, respectively?
• In a pregnant patient with right lower quadrant pain and vaginal bleeding, what is a likely cause of the symptoms?
• The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to which structures?
• Which pairing correctly matches the germ layer with the structure it helps form during the bilaminar disc stage?
• Fusion of vertebrae is often accompanied by fusion of which structures?
• Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXA13 would cause which of the following?
• Endocrine glands do not have ducts.
• During intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal cells differentiate into ___ cells which will mature into osteoblasts which secrete bone.
• The cloacal plate will become the ___ while the prechordal plate will become the ___.
• The blastocyst is composed of which two main components?
• Lacunar spaces in the syncytiotrophoblast erode maternal capillaries to form which structures?
• The yolk sac has the ability to pinch a part of itself off to form the ___.
• A chest wall defect where the sternum has a cleft is called:
• During which stage does the developing human attach to the uterine wall?
• The embryoblast will differentiate into:
• Which region becomes the primitive heart in the early embryo?
• Deformation in fetal development is caused by what mechanism?
• Which signaling term describes hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant targets?
• The intermediate mesoderm will form which of the following systems or structures?
• Hedgehog signaling is an example of which general signaling category?
• What does DHH stand for in the Hedgehog gene family?
• Which bones develop by intramembranous ossification?
• The fifth pharyngeal pouch will become the:
• Which cells secrete bone matrix in intramembranous ossification?
• Teratogens can damage the blastocyst and implantation phases.
• Endochondral ossification begins in the fetus and is not completed until the late teens (females) or early twenties (males).
• During which developmental period are organogenesis malformations most likely to occur (weeks 3-8 of gestation)?
• During which stage do we see differentiation and specialization of structures? This occurs later in the developmental process.
• What sets the 'segmentation clock'?
• Which tissue primarily contributes to the formation of the placenta?
• The study of alterations of function and form during embryo-feto-genesis and human growth and development is known as?
• Decidual cells are characteristic of which tissue layer?
• Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXD13 would cause which of the following?
• Which pairing correctly matches somatic and splanchnic mesoderm with the adjacent membranes?
• Hand-foot-genital syndrome refers to a mutation in which gene?
• Malformation of the articular processes of the spine can cause them to slip. This is known as:
• Which statement best describes the cause of most birth defects?
• Caudal agenesis (sirenomelia) is primarily caused by:
• Failure of regression of the primitive streak can cause which condition?
• During gastrulation, what determines the fate of epiblast cells moving through the node and streak?
• Which germ layer forms the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts?
• Epiblast cells moving through the node and streak are predetermined by their position to become specific types of mesoderm and endoderm. Cells at the caudal-most end will form the:
• Which structure is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?
• Epiblast cells adjacent to the cytotrophoblast are called ___, which, along with the rest of the epiblast, line the amniotic cavity.
• The paraxial mesoderm forms which of the following structures?
• Synpolydactyly is associated with mutation in which gene?
• Which process leads to the formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities?
• Expansion of the extraembryonic coelom forms which cavity?
• The order of severity of spina bifida is:
• If a mother has a problem with her endometrium, which structure will have difficulty binding to her uterine wall?
• The outer cell mass changes its name to become what?
• The muscle, blood and connective tissues of the body and placenta arise from the:
• Which signaling requires direct cell contact due to membrane-bound ligands and receptors?
• Partial or complete absence of structures during organogenesis (mostly occur 3rd to 8th week) is known as:
• ___ go to the wall of the yolk sac while ___ carry blood to the developing placenta.
• What is the correct sequence of cartilage development?
• Which signaling describes secreted factors acting on the signaling cell itself?
• In human development, the yolk sac is largely nonfunctional but serves as the site of which early process?
• Decreased amniotic fluid can result in which of the following issues?
• The bilaminar disc consists of which components?
• Lacunar spaces are formed within which trophoblastic layer?